Research with Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback

by Siegfried Othmer | August 30th, 2024

ILF Neurofeedback Mechanisms and Neurophysiology

Othmer, S., and Othmer, S.F. (2024) Endogenous Neuromodulation at Infra-Low Frequency: Method and Theory, DOI: 10.20944/preprints202310.1085.v2
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374784708_Endogenous_Neuromodulation_at_Infra-Low_Frequency_Method_and_Theory

Bazzana F, Finzi S, Di Fini G and Veglia F (2022) Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback: A Systematic Mixed Studies Review. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:920659.
doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.920659

Kropotov JD (2022) The enigma of infra-slow fluctuations in the human EEG Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:928410. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.928410

Dobrushina, O. et al. (2020). Modulation of Intrinsic Brain Connectivity by Implicit Electroencephalographic Neurofeedback. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 14: 192.
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00192

Grin-Yatsenko, V., Kara, O., Evdokimov, S., Gregory, M., Othmer, S. & Kropotov, J. (2020). Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback Modulates Infra-Slow Oscillations of Brain Potentials: A Controlled Study. Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Research, 4, 1-11.

Grin-Yatsenko, V. A., Ponomarev, V. A., Kara, O., Wandernoth, B., Gregory, M., Ilyukhina,
V. A., & Kropotov, J. D. (2018). Effect of Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback on Infra-Slow EEG Fluctuations. In Biofeedback. IntechOpen

Dobrushina, O. R. et al. (2018) Exploring the brain contour of implicit infra-low frequency EEG neurofeedback: a resting state fMRI study. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 131, S76 (2018).

Arina, G., Osina, E., Dobrushina, O. & Aziatskaya, G. (2017). Sham-neurofeedback as an intervention: Placebo or nocebo? European Psychiatry, 41, 253-254.

Dobrushina, O. et al. (2015). The effect of Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback on default mode network of the brain. Conference paper at Applied Neuroscience and Social Well-being, Moscow. (in Russian).

Othmer S., Othmer S.F., Kaiser D. & Putman J. (2013). Endogenous Neuromodulation at Infra-Low Frequencies. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology, 20(4), 246-257.
doi:10.1016/j.spen.2013.10.006

Legarda S., McMahon D., Othmer S. & Othmer SF. (2011). Clinical Neurofeedback: Case Studies, Proposed Mechanism and Implication for Pediatric Neurology Practice. Journal of Child Neurology, 26(8), 1045-1051. doi.org/10.1177/0883073811405052

Othmer S., Othmer SF. & Legarda S. (2011). Clinical Neurofeedback: Training Brain Behavior. Pediatric Neurology and Psychiatry, 2, 67-73

ILF Neurofeedback in clinical application

Addiction

Corominas-Roso, M. et al. (2020): Benefits of EEG-Neurofeedback on the Modulation of Impulsivity in a Sample of Cocaine and Heroin Long-Term Abstinent Inmates: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 64(12), 1275-1298.

ADHD

Schneider, H., Riederle, J. & Seuss, S. (2021): Therapeutic Effect of Infra-Low_Frequency Neurofeedback Training on Children and Adolescents with ADHD. In: Brain-Computer Interface, Vahid Asadpour ed., IntechOpen Limited, 2021:13, doi: 10.5772/intechopen.97938
Prinz, W. (2015): Neurofeedbacktherapie als Spezialtherapieangebot. Psychopraxis. Neuropraxis 18, 180–183.

Flatz, T. & Gleußner, M. (2014): Neurofeedbacktherapie bei ADHS und Autismus. Pädiatrie & Pädologie 49, 22–27.

Ahlstrand, P. & Grattbeck, M. (2013): Neurofeedback – ett behandlingsalternativ vid ADHD.

Aging & Parkinson’s

Dobrushina, O. R. et al. (2022). Enhancing Brain Connectivity With Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback During Aging: A Pilot Study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16, 1–12.

Legarda SB, Michas-Martin PA and McDermott D (2022) Managing Intractable Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease: A Nonsurgical Approach Employing Infralow Frequency Neuromodulation. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:894781. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.894781

Autism

Rauter, A., Schneider, H. & Prinz, W. (2022): Effectivity of ILF Neurofeedback on Autism spectrum disorder – a Case Study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16, 1-6.
Prinz, W. (2015): Neurofeedbacktherapie als Spezialtherapieangebot. psychopraxis. neuropraxis 18, 180-183. (in German)

Flatz, T. & Gleußner, M. (2014): Neurofeedbacktherapie bei ADHS und Autismus. Pädiatrie & Pädologie 49, 22–27.
Othmer S. & Othmer S.F. (2011): Neurofeedback for the Autism Spectrum. In K. Siri and T. Lyons (Eds.), Cutting-Edge Therapies for Autism (262-267). Skyhorse Publishing.

Brain Injury

Annaheim C, Hug K, Stumm C, Messerli M, Simon Y and Hund-Georgiadis M (2022): Neurofeedback in patients with frontal brain lesions: A randomized, controlled double-blind trial. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:979723. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.979723
Carlson, J. & Ross, G. (2021): Neurofeedback Impact on Chronic Headache, Sleep and Attention Disorders Experienced by Veterans with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Pilot Study. Biofeedback, 49(1), 2-9.

Chronic Pain

Orakpo N, Yuan C, Olukitibi O, Burdette J and Arrington K (2022): Does Virtual Reality Feedback at Infra-Low Frequency Improve Centralized Pain With Comorbid Insomnia While Mitigating Risks for Sedative Use Disorder?: A Case Report. Front. Hum. Neurosci.
16:915376. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.915376

Orakpo, N., Vieux, U. & Castro-Nunez, C. (2021): Case Report: Virtual Reality Neurofeedback Therapy as a Novel Modality for Sustained Analgesia in Centralized Pain Syndromes. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 418. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.660105

Jensen, M.P., Grierson, C., Tracy-Smith, V., Bacigalupi, S., Othmer, S. (2007). Neurofeedback Treatment for Pain Associated with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type I (2007), J. Neurotherapy 11(1): 45-53 DOI:/10.1300/J184v11n01_04
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233203234_Neurofeedback_Treatment_for_Pain_Associated_with_Complex_Regional_Pain_Syndrome_Type_I

Complex Presentations

Fleischman, M. J. (2022). Documenting the Impact of Infra Low Frequency Neurofeedback on Underserved Populations with Complex Clinical Presentations. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16, 1–9.

Seuß S, Riederle J. Erfahrungen mit Neurofeedback in der therapeutischen Praxis. Prax Ergotherapie. 2021;2:75–81

Concussion

Legarda, S. B., Lahti, C. E., Mcdermott, D. & Michas-martin, A. (2022): Use of Novel Concussion Protocol With Infralow Frequency Neuromodulation Demonstrates Significant Treatment Response in Patients With Persistent Postconcussion Symptoms , a Retrospective Study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16, 1–16.

Lamprecht, C. E. (2019): The effect of neurofeedback in post-concussion syndrome. Doctoral dissertation, Stellenbosch University.

Depression and Dysthymia

Tschiesner, R. Infra-Low-Frequency Neurofeedback Treatment in Dysthymia: A Case Study. Behav. Sci. 2023, 13, 711. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090711

Grin-Yatsenko, V. A., & Kropotov, J. D. (2020): Effect of infra-low frequency neurofeedback on the functional state of the brain in health and depressed individuals. In H. W. Kirk (Ed.), Restoring the brain: Neurofeedback as an integrative approach to health (2nd ed.).
Routledge, pp. 244-255.

Grin-Yatsenko, V. A., Othmer, S., Ponomarev, V., Evdokimov, S., Konoplev, Y., and Kropotov, J. (2018): Infra-low frequency neurofeedback in depression: Three case studies. NeuroRegulation 5, 30–42. doi:10.15540/nr.5.1.30

Eating disorders

Winkeler, A., Winkeler, M. & Imgart, H. (2022): Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback in the Treatment of Patients With Chronic Eating Disorder and Comorbid Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16, 1–11.
Leong, S. L., Vanneste, S., Lim, J., Smith, M., Manning, P., & De Ridder, D. (2018): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel trial of closed-loop infraslow brain training in food addiction. Scientific reports, 8(1), 1-9.

Chirita-Emandi, A., & Puiu, M. (2014): Outcomes of neurofeedback training in childhood obesity management: A pilot study. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 20(11), 831–837

Epilepsy

Legarda, S. B., McMahon, D., Othmer, S. S. & Othmer, S. S. (2011): Clinical neurofeedback: Case studies, proposed mechanism, and implications for pediatric neurology practice. J. Child Neurol. 26, 1045–1051.
Schmidt, C. & Laugesen, H. Infra-low frequency neurofeedback training in Dravet syndrome:
a case study. Epilepsy Behav. Reports 100606 (2023). doi:10.1016/j.ebr.2023.100606

Fibromyalgia

Ingvaldsen, S. H. (2019): QEEG and Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback Training in Fibromyalgia: A Pilot Study (Master’s thesis, NTNU).

Insomnia

Moore PT (2022): Infra-low frequency neurofeedback and insomnia as a model of CNS dysregulation. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:959491. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.959491

Migraine & Tension Headache

Dobrushina, O., Arina, G., Osina, E. & Aziatskaya, G. (2017): Clinical and psychological confirmation of stabilizing effect of neurofeedback in migraine. European Psychiatry, 41.
Arina, G. A., Dobrushina, O.R., Shvetsova, E.T., et al. (2022): Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback in Tension-Type Headache: A Cross-Over Sham-Controlled Study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2022.891323
Legarda SB, Michas-Martin PA and McDermott D (2022): Remediating Intractable Headache: An Effective Nonpharmacological Approach Employing Infralow Frequency Neuromodulation. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:894856. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.894856

Multiple Sclerosis

Dobrushina, O. R., Varako, N. A., Kovyazina, M. S. & Zinchenko, Y. P. (2016): Combination of Neurofeedback and cognitive training in attention deficit due to multiple sclerosis. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 108, 118.

Optimum Performance

Altan, S., Berberoglu, B., Canan, S. & Dane, S. (2016). Effects of neurofeedback therapy in healthy young subjects. Clin invest Med 39, 27–30.

Othmer, S., and Othmer, S.F. (2016) Infra-Low-Frequency Neurofeedback for Optimum Performance, Biofeedback, 44, 81-89. DOI:/10.5298/1081-5937-44.2.07.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304573503_Infra-Low-Frequency_Neurofeedback_for_Optimum_Performance

Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness
Sasu R (2022): Infra-low frequency neurofeedback in persistent postural-perceptual dizziness—Case report. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:959579. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.959579

PTSD

Spreyermann, R. (2022): Case Report : Infra-Low-Frequency Neurofeedback for PTSD : A Therapist ’ s Perspective. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2022.893830

Kirk HW and Dahl MG (2022): Infra Low Frequency Neurofeedback Training for Trauma Recovery: A Case Report. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:905823.
doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.905823

Gerge, A. (2020): A multifaceted case-vignette integrating neurofeedback and EMDR in the treatment of complex PTSD. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 4(3), 100157.

Dahl, M. G. (2020): Neurofeedback with PTSD and traumatic brain injury. In H. W. Kirk (Ed.), Restoring the brain:Neurofeedback as an integrative approach to health (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge, pp.256-284.

Nilsson, R. M. & Nilsson, V. (2014): Neurofeedback Treatment for Traumatized Refugees-A Pilot Study. Lund University, Department of Psychology.

Othmer, S., Othmer, S. F. & Legarda, S. B. (2011): Clinical Neurofeedback: Training Brain Behavior. Treat. Strateg. Pediatr. Neurol. Psychiatry 2, 67–73.

Othmer, S. & Othmer, S. F. (2009): Post Traumatic Stress Disorder—The Neurofeedback Remedy. Biofeedback 37, 24–31.

Schizophrenia

Nestoros JN and Vallianatou NG (2022): Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback rapidly ameliorates schizophrenia symptoms: A case report of the first session. Front. Hum.
Neurosci. 16:923695. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.92369

Tinnitus

Güntensperger, D. (2018): Treatment of chronic tinnitus with neurofeedback. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Zurich). (Attn: they primarily used frequency band NFB training in their studies and are (just) referring to ILF-NFB)

Güntensperger, D., Thüring, C., Meyer, M., Neff, P. Kleinjung, T. (2017): Neurofeedback for Tinnitus Treatment – Review and Current Concepts. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9,386. (Attn: they primarily used frequency band NFB training in their studies and are (just) referring to ILF-NFB)

Tourette Syndrome / Tic Disorders

Solberg B and Solberg E (2022): Infra-low frequency neurofeedback in application to Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders: A clinical case series. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:891924. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.891924

Books on ILF Neurofeedback

Kirk, H. W. (2020): Restoring the Brain: Neurofeedback as an Integrative Approach to Health. Second Edition, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group

Kirk H. (2015): Restoring the Brain: Neurofeedback as an Integrative Approach to Health. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group

Othmer, S.F., (2019) The Protocol Guide, 7th Edition, EEGInfo.com

Book chapters on ILF Neurofeedback

Othmer, S. (2023). Endogenous Neuromodulation at infra-low frequencies, Chapter 17, Introduction to Quantitative EEG and Neurofeedback, Third Edition, Chartier, DR, Dellinger, MB, Evans, JR, Budzynski, HK, editors, Academic Press, London, pp. 283-299 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-89827-0.00001-2
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372159982_Endogenous_Neuromodulation_at_Infra-Low_Frequencies

Othmer, S. (2020). Milestones in the Development of the Othmer Method. Chapter 42 in Neurofeedback, the First Fifty Years, James R. Evans, Mary Blair Dellinger, and Harold L. Russell, editors, Academic Press, Elsevier, London.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338317531_Milestones_in_development_of_the_Othmer_method

Othmer, S.F. (2020). History of the Othmer Method: An Evolving Clinical Model and Process. Chapter 42 in Neurofeedback, the First Fifty Years, James R. Evans, Mary Blair Dellinger, and Harold L. Russell, editors, Academic Press, Elsevier, London.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338317531_Milestones_in_development_of_the_Othmer_method

Othmer, S. (2020). History of Neurofeedback, Chapter 2 in Restoring the Brain: Neurofeedback as an Integrative Approach to Health, Hanno Kirk, editor. Second Edition, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, 23-55.
Othmer, S., and Othmer, S.F. Toward a Theory of Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback, Chapter 3 in Restoring the Brain: Neurofeedback as an Integrative Approach to Health, Hanno Kirk, editor. Second Edition, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, 56-79.

Sasu, R. (2020). Early Development and Childhood Emotional and Behavioral Disorders. Chapter 9 in Restoring the Brain: Neurofeedback as an Integrative Approach to Health, Hanno Kirk, editor. Second Edition, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, pp. 179-195

Sasu, R. and Othmer, S.(2020). Neurofeedback in Application to the ADHD Spectrum. Chapter 10 in Restoring the Brain: Neurofeedback as an Integrative Approach to Health, Hanno Kirk, editor. Second Edition, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, pp. 196-222
Shapero, E.J. and Prager, J.P. (2020). ILF Neurofeedback and Alpha-Theta Training in a Multi-disciplinary Chronic Pain Program. Chapter 11 in Restoring the Brain: Neurofeedback as an Integrative Approach to Health, Hanno Kirk, editor. Second Edition, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, pp. 223-243

Grin-Yatsenko, V.A. and Kropotov, J. (2020). Effect of ILF Neurofeedback on the Functional State of the Brain in Healthy and Depressed Individuals. Chapter 12 in Restoring the Brain: Neurofeedback as an Integrative Approach to Health, Hanno Kirk, editor. Second Edition, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, pp. 244-255

Othmer, S., and Othmer, S.F. (2017). Evolution of Alpha-Theta Training Over a Quarter Century. Chapter 13 in Alpha-Theta Neurofeedback in the 21st Century: A Handbook for Clinicians and Researchers (Expanded Second Edition), Antonio Martins-Mourao and Cynthia Kerson, editors, Foundation for Neurofeedback and Neuromodulation Research, Murfreesboro, TN, pp. 317-344 (2017)

Othmer, S., Othmer, S.F. (2017). Toward a Frequency-based Theory of Neurofeedback
Chapter 8 in Rhythmic Stimulation Procedures in Neuromodulation, James R. Evans and Robert A. Turner, Eds. Academic Press (London), 2017, pp. 254-307
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339247916_Toward_a_Theory_of_Infra-Low_Frequency_Neurofeedback

Othmer, S. (2015). History of Neurofeedback. Chapter 2 in Restoring the Brain: Neurofeedback as an Integrative Approach to Health. Hanno Kirk, editor. Taylor and Francis Group, pp. 23-50.

Haus, K.-M. et al. (2015): Praxisbuch Biofeedback und Neurofeedback. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, doi:10.1007/978-3-662-59720-0
Wiedemann, M. & Segler, K. (2017): Neurofeedback – Wie eine spielerisch leichte Therapie dem Gehirn hilft, Probleme zu überwinden. Kösel, ISBN: 3466346827.

Othmer, S. & Othmer, S. F. (2011): Performance Enhancement Applications of Neurofeedback. In Case Studies in Applied Psychophysiology: Neurofeedback and Biofeedback Treatments for Advances in Human Performance 17–30. Wiley-Blackwell.

Othmer S. & Othmer S.F. (2011): Neurofeedback for the Autism Spectrum. In K. Siri and T. Lyons (Eds.), Cutting-Edge Therapies for Autism (262-267). Skyhorse Publishing.
Othmer S. & Othmer S.F. (2011): Neurofeedback for the Autism Spectrum. In K. Siri and T. Lyons (Eds.), Cutting-Edge Therapies for Autism (262-267). Skyhorse Publishing.

Othmer, S. (2009) Neuromodulation Technologies: An Attempt at Classification
Chapter 1 in Introduction to QEEG and Neurofeedback: Advanced Theory and Applications (Second Edition), Thomas Budzynski, Helen Kogan Budzynski, James R. Evans, and Andrew Abarbanel, Eds, Elsevier 2008, pp. 3-26

Monographs

Othmer, S. (2019) Evidentiary Basis for Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330552222_Evidentiary_Basis_for_Infra-Low_Frequency_Neurofeedback

Othmer, S., and Othmer, S.F. (2017) Development of the Othmer Method of Neurofeedback
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317868978_Development_of_the_Othmer_Method_of_Neurofeedback

Othmer, S., and Othmer, S.F. (2017). The Evolution of a Trauma Protocol Over a Quarter Century.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350470430_The_Evolution_of_a_Trauma_Protocol_Over_a_Quarter_Century

Othmer, S, and Othmer, S.F. The Growing Role of Neurofeedback in Integrative Medicine (2015), Townsend Letters
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283054505_The_Growing_Role_of_Neurofeedback_in_Integrative_Medicine
Othmer, S., and Othmer, S.F., Infra-Low Frequency training (2013)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265561394_Infra-Low_Frequency_Training

Othmer, S., Psychological Health and Neurofeedback: Remediating PTSD and TBI (2012)
DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.36316.81288
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380291048_Psychological_Health_and_Neurofeedback_Remediating_PTSD_and_TBI

Metso, F. J. and Duberg, K. Can neurofeedback reduce PTSD symptoms in severely traumatized refugees?
http://www.eeginfo.com/research/researchpapers/RodaKorset_update%20graphics%20corrected.pdf

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