Neurofeedback has established itself as a safe and effective technique that can enhance brain function–through improving the efficiency of the neural networks in the brain. It has proven its effectiveness in disorders such as epilepsy, ADHD, head injuries, learning disabilities, autism, mood instabilities, sleep and chronic pain. In such cases we are dealing with a reasonably healthy neural network that is not in an optimal state of functioning. By “healthy”, I mean in terms of the physical integrity of the overall neural structure –where the issue is confined to the domain of network timing and sequencing. In this regard, neurofeedback has been very successful in restoring, or at least improving, overall functionality in the brain by challenging the mechanisms of neural network regulation. With respect to issues of state regulation, these mechanisms are predominantly sub-cortical.