The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy

An informal survey taken on a public website dealing with epilepsy has found a notable trend in the prescribing of anti-convulsant medication. Most people being treated for epilepsy have been tried on a significant number of different medications.An informal survey taken on a public website dealing with epilepsy has found a notable trend in the prescribing of anti-convulsant medication. Most people being treated for epilepsy have been tried on a significant number of different medications. The survey results are shown in Figure 1. Shown is the percentage of respondents who have taken the indicated number of medications over their treatment history. The bin labeled ’10’ includes everyone who has been prescribed at least ten different anti-epileptic drugs. The modal value is ’10,’ so those diagnosed with epilepsy are more likely to have been prescribed ten or more medications than any lesser value. The total number of participants in the survey was 177.

No doubt each of these medications required several visits to the neurologist, plus some blood work and perhaps an EEG every now and then. Also we may assume that most of the ten or more medications will have been abandoned along the way because it is unusual for someone to be on more than three AEDs at a time. So one may judge that at least 70% of the ten or more medications were not worth keeping in the mix. That indicates a fairly low hit rate on the medications.

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Michael Vick

Two events coalesced recently in my mind; the rehabilitation of Michael Vick and the riot at Chino prison in California.Two events coalesced recently in my mind—the rehabilitation of Michael Vick and the riot at Chino prison in California. The second of these is tied to a third, namely the directive under which the State of California finds itself to reduce its prison population by 43,000 inmates in short order. Michael Vick hails from my alma mater, Virginia Tech, which for some reason makes his criminal behavior more my issue than it would be otherwise. He has attempted to express contrition about his past behavior, but the statements might well have been prepared by his lawyer. He said everything that he might be expected to say, and he’ll no doubt go forth with his cue cards and speak on behalf of the Humane Society as he promised.

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Health Care Reform

Let's start the conversation where we are presently. Insurance companies are currently entitled to exclude anyone from coverage. What happens, then, to the person who cannot obtain insurance coverage?At a town hall gathering, the elderly gentleman pleads: “I like Medicare. Don’t let the government take it over.” Where, then, does one start the conversation about health care? President Jefferson said that it would take an educated populace to secure democracy. That’s grounds to worry. There’s probably nothing one can say to the ranters that would bring them back into the conversation. We do have something to say, however, to the insurance companies that are stealthily fomenting this nonsense while they publicly give lip service to the insurance reform effort.

Let’s start the conversation where we are presently. Insurance companies are currently entitled to exclude anyone from coverage. What happens, then, to the person who cannot obtain insurance coverage? The Constitution stipulates that the role of government is to “provide for the general welfare.” There must be a public option to which the person may repair, because leaving a person without insurance against large risks should not be ok in a civilized society. Surely insurance companies could not object to the existence of a public plan that insures those whom they will not insure. But yet they do object. Their well-being is threatened by a public insurance option, and the well-being of the uninsured is simply irrelevant in that context.

The highest priority at the moment is to find a way to include the uninsured within the system. We don’t even allow people to drive without insurance, and this is a much bigger issue for all concerned—for the individual and for the society that ends up either paying or bearing the loss. The cost isn’t even that high–$2000 per year per uninsured (versus $8300 average per year for Medicare recipients). Much of this just surfaces costs that are currently hidden within the system.

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The Great Divergence

It goes without saying that mainstream thinking about neurofeedback to date has been mistaken. The original attempts at replication of Kamiya's work on alpha training for anxiety were misguided in their methodology and in their conclusions. The rejection of Sterman's and Lubar's collective body of work was a blunder of the first magnitude.It goes without saying that mainstream thinking about neurofeedback to date has been mistaken. The original attempts at replication of Kamiya’s work on alpha training for anxiety were misguided in their methodology and in their conclusions. The rejection of Sterman’s and Lubar’s collective body of work was a blunder of the first magnitude. The continued dismissal of the claims of neurofeedback in the face of mounting evidence is indefensible. On the other hand, nothing here really surprises. A paradigm shift of such magnitude will be resisted by the mainstream on all fours. Everything has gone true to the historical pattern with respect to scientific revolutions.

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The Crisis in Health Care

There is ongoing talk about whether too much is being spent on health care, while there is no such discussion about other items of social expenditure. Health care is going to be a key growth engine for our economy going forward, regardless of anything that may be done in the near term.When health care was last dealt with in 1993, a reform proposal was sent to Congress that promised to restructure health care. But the existing interest groups managed to kill the proposal. Now that all of the stake holders are at the table in the latest effort to reform health care, it is guaranteed that nothing radically new will make its way into the final bill. Only incremental fixes will be tolerated, and only under condition that the existing interest groups will not be harmed. Yes, it is heart-warming that the AMA, big PhRMA, and the insurance industry are all on board with the reform effort, but that also means that the outcome will be well within their comfort zone.

Even the proposal to complement the insurance-based system with a government plan is seen as a program-stopper. When it comes right down to it, the insurance companies really don’t want to compete against the government-run system, and it’s clearly not because governments can’t run health care. They are doing so everywhere else in the civilized world, and doing it more cheaply and better than we are. Our government is also doing it in Medicare, and it’s doing a darn good job of it under the current constraints. If the current insurance-based system is to remain the model, why don’t we ask, just for the sake of argument, what would happen if we have them take over education as well.

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Neurofeedback for the Aging Brain

The movement toward healthy aging not only promises to increase the return on that investment, but it also gives hope of making inroads into the cost of health maintenance itself.The near-win of Tom Watson at the British Open Golf Tournament at the age of 59 gives us the impetus to address the issue of healthy aging. Everywhere the elderly are sticking around, in careers, in positions of power, and even in sports where youthful eyeballs, strength, and stamina confer an advantage. The present concern about the looming health care crisis, however, focuses us ever on the other part of the spectrum, the gradually deteriorating health status of the elderly. Our present system of health care seems to do well at keeping people alive, but often with very little quality of life. With an ever growing contingent of the elderly, the costs keep creeping up, but the return on our societal investment keeps diminishing. The movement toward healthy aging not only promises to increase the return on that investment, but it also gives hope of making inroads into the cost of health maintenance itself. Read on.

In our current orientation in medicine, the tendency is to regard certain symptoms as a natural part of aging and then to adopt a policy of “watchful waiting,” particularly when we don’t have a ready remedy in any event. The same passivity, however, afflicts the research community. As the cartoon says, “Not only is there no cure, but there isn’t even a race for a cure.” This might be defensible if it weren’t for the fact that ignoring some issues just sets the table for worse to come. Further, some emerging health problems are quite optional, as we shall see.

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